Studying Reentry: A Conversation about Research and Reentry Courts
Christine H. Lindquist, a senior research sociologist at RTI International, talks about reentry courts, recidivism, and what she's learned so far from a multi-year study of eight diverse initiatives. April 2013
The following is a transcript:
CHRISTINE LINDQUIST: Reentry courts really have a talent in terms of delivering all of the needed service to a diverse population.
ROBERT V. WOLF: I'm Rob Wolf, director of communications at the Center for Court Innovation, and on this New Thinking podcast we're talking about reentry courts with Christine Lindquist, a Senior Research Sociologist at RTI International. She just completed the first phase of a multi-year study of eight reentry courts around the U.S. Welcome to New Thinking, Christine.
LINDQUIST: Thank you so much for having me.
WOLF: We should be clear about what we mean by the word reentry. So what is reentry referring to?
LINDQUIST: reentry refers to the process of a person leaving prison after incarceration and reintegrating back into their community.
WOLF: You worked on an earlier evaluation. So I thought maybe we could start off, if you talk a little bit about some of its highlights and how they may have prepared you for this one.
LINDQUIST: Sure. So the multi-side evaluation of the Serious and Violent Offender reentry Initiative, or SAVORI, which is a little easier to say, was a large multi-year evaluation and we looked at recidivism and other outcomes for individuals who received enhanced reentry programming through SAVORI, as well as a comparison group of returning prisoners who received treatment as usual. And basically in the SAVORI evaluation, when we looked at short term effect. And by short term effects we mean recidivism within two years and then other outcomes such as drug use, employment that we looked at during shorter periods, such as three months after release, nine months and 15 months. We found some short term effects when looking at some outcomes. So, for example, for some employment outcomes, people who received enhanced reentry programming did better than those who received treatment as usual. However, when looking at recidivism, we didn't really find strong short term effects. But interestingly, when we looked at longer term recidivism through another grant that we received, we did find positive effect for recidivism, and by this we mean reductions in arrest, a longer average time to first arrest following release, and longer time between arrests for the SAVORI group compared to those who received treatment as usual. So I think one thing we learned from the SAVORI evaluation is that recidivism effects took longer to observe, and that suggests the need for longer follow-up in evaluations in order to detect those. And then also we found that it's really important not to just assume that all services are helpful. Some services may be more effective for certain types of prisoners than others. For men, we found that services that promoted individual change - such as anger management programs, or programs that help with personal relationships, or criminal thinking, were associated with longer times to first arrest following release. For women, having a case manager and receiving life skills training were associated with reductions in recidivism. So it just appears that there's a lot more to be learned about the effects of different services and that they may be different for men and women.
WOLF: That's very interesting. Let's move on to your current evaluation that you are working on. Now this study focuses on a particular model called the reentry court. So maybe you could take a moment just to talk about what a reentry court is?
LINDQUIST: Sure. Reentry court grew out of a larger national movement towards problem solving courts. And problem solving courts and the drug court model is the most common and well known of these programs, are courts that combine judicial authority with rehabilitative services. The reentry courts are specialized problem solving courts specifically focused on recidivism. So they combine judicial oversight, which includes court hearings in which a returning prisoner would have his or her status reviewed on a regular basis, and if they're doing well they would receive praise or other types of rewards, such as advancing through the program. If they're not doing well, they would receive graduated sanctions. So it combines this judicial oversight with the provision of enhanced reentry services.
WOLF: So in the case of a drug court, the ultimate graduated sanction, if you take it all the way to end would be a jail sentence. In the reentry model, people have already served their time. So what is, in fact, the leverage that the court has?
LINDQUIST: In almost all of the sites that are participating in this evaluation, reentry court is established as a condition of supervision. So if someone isn't doing well in the reentry court, if they're not doing what's expected of them, then the leverage that the court has is that their supervision would be revoked.
WOLF: And then return to prison, in other words, because there's still time on their formal sentence?
LINDQUIST: That's right. They could be returned to prison.
WOLF: Well let's talk about the current study you're working on. It's a collaboration among researchers at your organization, RTI International, which is based in North Carolina, and MPC Research, which is based in Oregon, and the Center for Court Innovation here in New York. It's the first in a series of evaluation that are going to look at what particular aspects of reentry courts?
LINDQUIST: Yeah, it's actually a single evaluation, but it's a multi-component evaluation that includes a process study, an impact study, and a cost effectiveness study. So in the process evaluation, we're documenting the start up and ongoing implementation of the eight reentry courts included in the study over several years in time, looking at what the implementation challenges were, what the context in which the courts are operating is, what some of the interagency partnerships look like. And then also, as part of our process evaluation, we want to see what some of the common elements are among the eight programs, to try to see if we can develop a true reentry court model similar to what we have for drug courts, you know, with the 10 key components. And then for the impact evaluation, we're looking at how effective these reentry courts are at reducing recidivism and affecting other important outcomes. In all eight of the sites, we're planning on using administrative data to look at rearrests and reincarceration outcomes, using a masked comparison group design. And then in four of the eight sites, we're doing a prospective impact study where we're interviewing clients who enroll in the reentry court program, and we're also interviewing a comparison group of comparable individuals returning from incarceration. And that allows us to measure employment, family re-integration, community involvement, mental health, substance abuse. And then we'll also be able to document personal characteristics that maybe associated with program effects, such as readiness for change, risk, need for services, and other measures like that. And then finally, we have a cost-effectiveness analysis where we're going to be documenting what the costs are of implementing a reentry court, and then also looking at what the overall cost savings is, if any. So those are the three components of our evaluation, and the report that we just released is the summary of our first year's work in the process evaluation.
WOLF: Given these, that you have eight sites and so many different factors, I mean it seems to me that that's very challenging and I wonder if you could talk about some of the challenges of making sense from so much information—eight different sites, so many different variables.
LINDQUIST: Yeah, the variability is actually not a problem for the process evaluation. It actually makes it more interesting because we're really characterizing how the courts fall on a variety of domains. It's really interesting to highlight the sources of variability as opposed to the sources of commonality. What is challenging, though, is for the impact evaluation because when you have a diverse set of programs, it's very difficult and often times it's impossible to pool the data across the sites. When there's too much variability, we're forced to look at site-specific impacts, which means that effects on recidivism would have to be very large for us to be able to detect those using analytic techniques.
WOLF: What are the most significant findings so far?
LINDQUIST: Well, at this stage I don't think we can identify any promising practices or evidence-based practices that seem to be associated with program effectiveness. What we know so far is that reentry courts are very diverse, unlike drug courts which target a specific population—people with chemical dependencies. Reentry courts don't typically target a population with a specific need, and as a result, reentry courts really have a challenge in terms of delivering all of the needed services to this diverse population. Another interesting finding, I think, is that you know when reentry courts were initially conceptualized they were really conceptualized to have a heavy pre-release and post-release component, such that ideally the person would be identified at the time they were initially sentenced, and that the reentry court would maintain contact with that person throughout their incarceration. But what's interesting is that there really isn't a major emphasis on pre-release services. A lot of courts don't have the capacity to reach in and work with clients while they're incarcerated. Someone could get sent to prison three hours and some reentry courts aren't even sure who is actually going to be coming out on conditional release.
WOLF: You know I've really enjoyed hearing about the study and I look forward to seeing it progress.
LINDQUIST: Well thank you. I really enjoyed speaking about our study. We're excited about our initial findings and look forward to getting further into this evaluation.
WOLF: Well let me let everyone know that they can download a copy of the year one study, that's formal name is the "National Institute of Justice's Evaluation of Second Chance Act Adult reentry Courts Program - Characteristics and Preliminary Themes from Year One." And they can download it from our website at www.courtinnovation.org. I'm Rob Wolf, director of communications at the Center for Court Innovation, and I've been speaking with Christine Lindquist, a Senior Research Sociologist at RTI International. Thank you, everybody, for listening.